Civilian Objects Under Fire

Documentation of Attacks on the Civilian Population and Infrastructure, and Violations of International Humanitarian Law, During the U.S.-Israeli War on Iran 2026 

On 28 February 2026, the United States and the Israeli occupation authorities launched a large-scale military campaign against the Islamic Republic of Iran. Although official statements claimed that the attacks were directed at military facilities, documented evidence indicates that a significant number of air and missile strikes hit entirely civilian locations, including schools, sports facilities, hospitals, relief centres, water and energy infrastructure, industrial sites, and cultural institutions. Civilians—particularly women and children—were the most severely affected by these attacks. Repeated attacks left hundreds of people dead, injured, or displaced from their homes. This conflict constitutes the most prolonged external military assault on Iranian territory in decades and raises urgent legal and humanitarian concerns regarding compliance with international humanitarian law.

This report seeks to provide a comprehensive and well-documented analysis of the violations committed by United States and Israeli forces against civilians and critical infrastructure in Iran, viewed from both legal and humanitarian perspectives. It draws on testimony and statements from Iranian civil-society organisations, medical professionals, engineers, academics, athletes, advocates for the rights of persons with disabilities, and defenders of cultural heritage. These sources are used to illustrate the scale of the harm inflicted on the civilian population and on sectors essential to everyday life. The report assesses the documented incidents within the framework of international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I, and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Particular attention is given to the international legal responsibility of the United States and Israel for the acts described.

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